3.4) Formatting Of Output

Examples

int x = 42;
cout << x << endl;                              // outputs "42"
cout << setw(5) << x << endl;                   // outputs "   42"
cout << setfill('*') << setw(5) << x << endl;   // outputs "***42"
cout << left << setw(5) << x << endl;           // outputs "42***"
cout << setw(7) << x << endl;                   // outputs "42*****"

Explanation

Formatting is done using stream manipulators, which are made available by adding #include <iomanip> to your program
Most manipulators make persistent changes to how an output stream does its formatting
The setw manipulator specifies field width (the minimum number of characters used for a value), for the next operation only
The setfill specifies the 'fill character' for an output field (space is the default)
The right manipulator positions the value to right of the output field and any fill characters to left (this is the default); the left manipulator does the opposite

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