2.5) Validation And Verification

The question is then, when is my model sufficiently accurate for the question at hand? The first answer could be, when the model output matches my real system. Such operational validation is still the gold standard in model validation, but with increasingly complex computer models, validation of the conceptual models (E.g., through participatory modelling), verification of the code (E.g., reproduction of models), and validation of the experimental design gain importance.

Source: Sargent, 1982; Page, 1991